Bosch 0 811 405 063 2STV現(xiàn)貨
機器人是工業(yè)4.0之根本
工業(yè)1.0是蒸汽動力出現(xiàn)的生產(chǎn)機械化;工業(yè)2.0是電力出現(xiàn)推動的大規(guī)模生產(chǎn);工業(yè)3.0是電子信息技術(shù)發(fā)展而產(chǎn)生的自動化生產(chǎn);工業(yè)4.0是基于智能制造的第四次工業(yè),由德國率先提出,旨在通過實體物理(cyber-physicalsystem,cps),即信息通信技術(shù)與自動化制造相結(jié)合,將制造業(yè)進一步智能化?;谙嗤睦砟?,美國也提出了工業(yè)互聯(lián)網(wǎng)的概念。
工業(yè)化的進化歷程
工業(yè)4.0的實現(xiàn)分為四個階段:階段是智能單機設(shè)備的互聯(lián);第段是通過傳感和射頻等數(shù)據(jù)記錄和實現(xiàn)工廠的數(shù)字化;第三階段是材料、和硬件的集成;后就是工業(yè)4.0的實現(xiàn),即各個數(shù)字化工廠之間的互聯(lián)。
現(xiàn)階段歐美基本已經(jīng)實現(xiàn)工業(yè)3.0,而如今因為各領(lǐng)域、各行業(yè)自動化發(fā)展的現(xiàn)狀不一樣,正處于由制造業(yè)向工業(yè)2.0與工業(yè)3.0的過渡階段,而這個局面可能會在未來的很長一段時間內(nèi)繼續(xù)。在制造業(yè)、工業(yè)2.0、工業(yè)3.0共存并行,伴隨著制造業(yè)人工成本不斷上漲的局面下,未來3-5年將會出現(xiàn)一個大批制造企業(yè)進行生產(chǎn)自動化改造的現(xiàn)象。而這個改造浪潮將會機器人需求的爆發(fā),機器人行業(yè)將會在未來幾年內(nèi)保持高速增長的態(tài)勢
但在進步顯著的同時,工藝水平還不夠高、技術(shù)能力還不夠強依然是大部分“制造”給人們的印象。從大米奶粉到電飯鍋馬桶蓋,游客“走到哪里買到哪里”的消息不絕于耳。而譬如汽車發(fā)動機、飛機發(fā)動機、攝像頭、電子元器件、芯片等領(lǐng)域的研發(fā),一直是我們的短板,也使相關(guān)產(chǎn)業(yè)長期處于產(chǎn)業(yè)鏈低端。據(jù)測算,生產(chǎn)一部178.96美元的蘋果手機,負責(zé)組裝的企業(yè)僅賺得6.5美元。現(xiàn)實的尷尬時時刻刻提醒我們:在許多領(lǐng)域,“制造”距離水平還有不小差距,還沒有真正取得不可替代的競爭優(yōu)勢。 總體來看,“制造”長期多以價格低廉、產(chǎn)量龐大勝出,但放眼,這種“拼量”發(fā)展正面臨“雙向”。一方面,后危機時代的發(fā)達已重新審視實體經(jīng)濟,紛紛大舉實施“再工業(yè)化”,另一方面,其他發(fā)展家在承接產(chǎn)業(yè)及資本轉(zhuǎn)移方面展示了更大成本優(yōu)勢。反觀國內(nèi),隨著消費需求升級,“便宜”已經(jīng)不再是左右人們選擇的指標,消費潛力大量境外“落地”就是證明??梢哉f,“制造”想要百尺竿頭,更進一步,就不能僅僅停留在模仿和代工,必須緊跟市場,嚴把品質(zhì)關(guān)和增強創(chuàng)新能力,“做好”“做精”“做強”,抓緊突破核心技術(shù),躍升到產(chǎn)業(yè)鏈前端,打造出“品牌”。
式中 ——瞬時或短時過電流脫扣器整定電流值,A;
——可靠系數(shù),對動作時間大于0.02s的斷路器,K
取1.35,對動作時間小于0.02s的斷路器K取
1.7~2.0;
——電動機的起動電流,A。
10.5 低壓斷路器
2)當配電線路不考慮電動機的起動電流時,按下式計算整定值
(4-10-8)
式中 ——配電線路的尖峰電流,A;
——可靠系數(shù),一般取1.35。
3)當配電線路考慮電動機的起動電流時,按下式計算整定值
(4-10-9)
式中 ——正常工作電流和可能出現(xiàn)的自起動電機
的起動電流的總和,A。
10.5 低壓斷路器
(3)短時過電流脫扣器的整定電流
確定本級斷路器短延時過電流脫扣器動作電流的整定,應(yīng)與下一級開關(guān)整定電流選擇性配合。本級動作整定電流應(yīng)大于或等于下一級低壓斷路器短延時或瞬時動作整定值的1.2倍。若下一級有多條分支線,則取各分支路低壓斷路器中大整定值的1.2倍。
10.5 低壓斷路器
(4)長延時過電流脫扣器整定電流
Alfa Laval Tri Clover TSK5 Lip Seal Housing #2
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Bosch 0 811 405 063 2STV
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Bosch 0 811 405 063 2STV
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Bosch 0 811 405 063 2STV